<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-archivearticle1-3.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JPSIM</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine</journal-title>
        <abbrev-title>J Pak Soc Intern Med</abbrev-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">2709-8729</issn>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2710-0804</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.70302/jpsim.v3i2.2220</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jpsim.v3i2.2220</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Wrestling with Time: from Pandemic to Endemic Are We Heading to the Beginning of an End</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Latif</surname>
            <given-names>Hina</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>hinalatif2011@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rathore</surname>
            <given-names>Rabia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farooq</surname>
            <given-names>Nasir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Iqbal</surname>
            <given-names>Adil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution>Department of Medicine, KEMU, Lahore</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1">*Correspondence: Hina Latif (hinalatif2011@gmail.com)</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2022-06-15">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>103</fpage>
      <lpage>108</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-01-09">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-04-09">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2022 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://psimj.com/article/jpsim.v3i2.2220" content-type="text/html"/>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://psimj.com/article/jpsim.v3i2.2220.pdf" content-type="application/pdf"/>
      <abstract>
        <p>On 30th January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced COVID-19 outbreak as the sixth public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), and on March 11, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 as pandemic naming the corona virus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. SARS-CoV-2 has recently emerged as a global threat, directly affecting human life owing to its morbidity and mortality and indirectly, due to the enormous economic and psychological impact produced by social isolation, the most effective measure so far. From March 2020 to early 2022, many variants of SARSC0V-2 have been identified driving different waves of COVID-19. Every single day we hear about some new variant with more rapid transmission rate and more severity. Currently the world is facing another wave of covid-19 because of omicron variant which was initially said to be milder disease intensity variant but highly transmissible. Experts were of the opinion of building herd immunity and getting covid-19 limited to some specific areas in the form of a milder ENDEMIC disease in future with variants like omicron. But every single day, exploding surge in omicron cases n mortalities make us all question the concept of pandemicity to endemicity. Meanwhile all we can do to lessen the burden caused by COVID -19 is to vaccinate more n more people, booster doses and to take help of some new antiviral drugs with proven efficacy along with social distancing and mask wearing.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-keywords">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>different waves of covid-19 in Pakistan</kwd>
        <kwd>covid-19 from pandemic to endemic.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <!-- <body> omitted: no manuscript (.docx) on file -->
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>COVID LIVE-CORONAVIRUS STATISTICS-WORLDOMETER-. [Updated 2022, Cited 2022] Available from :[https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus]</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497-506.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. [Updated 2020, Cited 2022] Available from: [https://www.who.int/emergencies/dis eases/novel-coronavirus-2019]</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>van Dorp L, Acman M, Richard D, Shaw LP, Ford CE, Ormond L, et al. Emergence of genomic diversity and recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2. Infect Genet Evol 2020;<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104351</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 2020; 26: 450-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Singh D, Yi SV. On the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Exp Mol Med. 2021;53(4):537-47.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Dudas G, Carvalho LM, Rambaut A, Bedford T. MERS-CoV spillover at the camel-human interface. Elife. 2018;7(1):e31257.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kunno J, Supawattanabodee B, Sumanasrethakul C, Wiriyasivaj B, Kuratong S, Kaewchandee C. Comparison of Different Waves during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Descriptive Study in Thailand. Adv Prevent Med. 2021;2021. Article ID 5807056.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Menachery VD, Yount BL Jr, Sims AC, Debbink K, Agnihothram SS, Gralinski L, et al. SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2016; 113(12): 3048-53.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14(8): 523-34.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(18): 1708-20.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Arons MM, Hatfield KM, Reddy A, Kimball A, James A, Jacobs JR, et al. Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(22): 2081-90.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(10): 970-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>Viner R, Whittaker E. Kawasaki-like disease: emerging complication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020; 395(10239): 1741-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(5): 475-81.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 323(11): 1061-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions. [Updated 2022, cited 2022] Available from: [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-classifications.html]</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kermani S. Coronavirus: The British-Pakistani doctors saving lives in both countries. July 10, 2020. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53282823]</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>Shahid KK. Pakistan’s COVID-19 Battle Is Missing a Crucial Ingredient: Public Support. April 23, 2021. Available from: [https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/pakistans-covid-19-battle-is-missing-a-crucial-ingredient-public-support]</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>Ahmad M, Beg BM, Majeed A, Areej S, Riffat S, Rasheed MA, Mahmood S, Mushtaq RM, Hafeez MA. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of covid-19: A retrospective multi-center study in pakistan. Frontiers in Public Health. 2021; <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpubh.2021.644199</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>COVID-19 health advisory platform by ministry of national health services regulations and conditions. Available from:[https://covid.gov.pk/stats/pakistan]</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kellam P, Barclay W. The dynamics of humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential for reinfection. J Gen Virol. 2020;<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1099/jgv.0.001439</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>Randolph HE, Barreiro LB. Herd immunity: understanding COVID-19. Immunity. 2020; <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j</pub-id>. immuni.2020.04.012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>Edridge AWD, Kaczorowska J, Alexis CR, Hoste ACR, Bakker M, Klein M, et al. Coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting. medRxiv 2020;doi: 10.1101/ 2020.05.11.20086439.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>Peng Z, Song W, Ding Z, Guan Q, Yang X, Xu Q, et al. Linking key intervention timings to rapid declining effective reproduction number to quantify lessons against COVID-19. Front Med. 2020; <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11684-020-0788-3</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>Pandemic will end when world chooses to end it, says WHO. October 25, 2021. Available from: [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/87247396.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&amp;utm_medium=text&amp;utm_campaign=cppst]</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>Covid Heading Towards Endemic Stage, Says Top Doctor At AIIMS. January 24, 2022. Available from: [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/covid-19-is-heading-towards-endemic-says-aiims-senior-epidemiologist-2725635]</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>Sameul S. Despite omicron, Covid-19 will become endemic. Here’s how. Jan 1, 2o22. Available from: [https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22849891/omicron-pandemic-endemic]</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>Stieg C. The pandemic could end in 2022 — here’s what ‘normal’ life might look like soon, according to medical experts. December 15, 2021. Available from:[https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/15/what-living-with-endemic-covid-will-look-like-in-2022-and-future.html]</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
