JPSIM Journal of Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine J Pak Soc Intern Med 2709-8729 2710-0804 Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine 10.70302/jpsim.v6i3.2552 jpsim.v6i3.2552 Original Research Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Real-World Experience From a Private Healthcare Facility of South Punjab, Pakistan Ali Qazi Masroor masroorqazi@outlook.com * Anjum Saba Khan Raheel Imran Ali Shafiq Sadaf Masroor Aleena Aleena Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Tadawi Speciality Hospital, Dubai Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Quaid e Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Shahida Islam Medical College, Lodhran, Pakistan *Correspondence: Qazi Masroor Ali (masroorqazi@outlook.com) 23 08 2025 2025 6 3 279 283 03 02 2025 18 02 2025 26 07 2025 Copyright © 2025 The Author(s) 2025 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Objective

To determine the prevalence and associated demographic, clinical, and biochemical factors of hepatic steatosis (HS) in patients of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

 Methodology

This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Outpatient Department of Medicine, Aleena Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan from 1st January 2024 to 30th September 2024. Patients of either gender, aged 18 to 85 years, having T2DM, and willing to participate, were included. All patients underwent liver ultrasound, conducted by an experienced radiologist with experience of more than 20 years in hepatic imaging. HS grades were defined as S0 (normal liver), S1 (slight increase in echogenicity), S2 (clear increase with mild steatosis), and S3 (marked steatosis with poor visualization).

 Results

In a total of 303 patients, 184 (60.7%) were female. The mean age was 49.7±10.9 years, ranging between 18-85 years. The mean BMI was 27.9±5.6 kg/m2, while obesity was identified in 88 (29.0%) patients. The mean duration of T2DM was 7.20±5.44 years. Hypertension was present in 123 (40.6%) patients. Family history of DM was reported in 139 (45.9%) patients. HS staging S0, S1, S2, and S3 were diagnosed in 140 (46.2%), 114 (37.6%), 42 (13.9%), and 7 (2.3%) patients, respectively. The severity of HS was significantly associated with relatively shorter duration of T2DM (p=0.045).

 Conclusion

The prevalence of HS is very high in patients with T2DM. All T2DM patients should be assessed for hepatic complications for the timely identification and management.

 Keywords Body mass index hepatic steatosis hypertension obesity type-2 diabetes mellitus. Ethics Statement

Ethics committee: Institutional Review Board / Ethics Committee (IRB/EC). Approval number: HRC/04/2023, dated November 15, 2023.

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