Review Article

Pandemics Past Present and Future

Hina Latif
Kashif Munir

✉ Correspondence: Hina Latif Email: hinalatif2011@gmail.com

DOI https://doi.org/10.70302/jpsim.v2i2.2126
Volume: 2, Issue 2 Pages: 101–106 Published: 17 Jun 2021
Received: 05 Feb 2021 Accepted: 24 Apr 2021 Published Online: 17 Jun 2021

Abstract

The emergence and spread of infectious diseases with pandemic potential occurs repeatedly throughout history. Major pandemics and epidemics such as plague, cholera, flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have already afflicted the world population. The world is now facing the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic1. During centuries, implementation of public health measures such as isolation, quarantine and border control helped to contain the spread of infectious diseases and maintain the structure of the society. Novel technologies for rapid diagnostic testing, contact tracing, drug repurposing as well as new platforms for the development and production of vaccines are needed for an effective response in case of pandemics1. Intermittent outbreaks of infectious diseases have had profound and lasting effects on societies throughout history2. These events have powerfully shaped the economic, political, and social aspects of human civilization, with their effects often lasting for centuries. Epidemic outbreaks have redefined some of the basic structure of modern medicine, pushing the scientific community to develop principles of epidemiology, prevention, immunization, and antimicrobial treatments.

How to Cite This Article

Latif H, Munir K. Pandemics Past Present and Future. J Pak Soc Intern Med. 2021;2(2):101–106. doi:10.70302/jpsim.v2i2.2126

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Conflict of Interest

All authors declare no competing interests.

Disclosed in accordance with ICMJE and COPE guidelines.

Funding

No specific funding was received for this research.

Funder information follows the Crossref Funder Registry standard.

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CC BY CC BY 4.0 This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. May be shared and adapted with attribution. © 2021 Journal of Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine.
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