Review Article

Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Complications of COVID-19: A Literature Review

Muhammad Ibrahim1
Karachi Grammar College
Ahmed Ayaz2
Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Ainan Arshad2
Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Erfan Hussain2
Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Bushra Jamil2
Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

✉ Correspondence: Ainan Arshad Email: ainan_arshad@hotmail.com

DOI https://doi.org/10.70302/jpsim.v3i2.2221
Volume: 3, Issue 2 Pages: 109–116 Published: 15 Jun 2022
Received: 17 Jan 2022 Accepted: 30 Mar 2022 Published Online: 15 Jun 2022

Abstract

Although scientific innovation in the modern age has led the way for crucial breakthroughs in the field of medicine, human beings have not yet been able to tame burgeoning infectious threats. Initial studies had shown that elderly patients and those with a higher comorbidity burden had a worse prognosis when compared to their younger and healthier counterparts. The former were also at a higher risk of developing pulmonary complications such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm to devastating effect. Later on, it was discovered that this virus can also affect several extra-pulmonary organs and cause cardiac, neurological, thrombotic, dermatological and gastrointestinal complications. The purpose of this review article is to summarize current evidence on short and long term complications of COVID-19 in a system-wise manner to serve as a guide for all healthcare providers around the world for early detection, prevention and timely management of such complications.

Keywords
Covid-19 pneumonia cytokine storm complications

How to Cite This Article

Ibrahim M, Ayaz A, Arshad A, Hussain E, Jamil B. Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Complications of COVID-19: A Literature Review. J Pak Soc Intern Med. 2022;3(2):109–116. doi:10.70302/jpsim.v3i2.2221

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Conflict of Interest

All authors declare no competing interests.

Disclosed in accordance with ICMJE and COPE guidelines.

Funding

No specific funding was received for this research.

Funder information follows the Crossref Funder Registry standard.

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