Original Research

Frequency of Psychological and Social Influences of Depression in Patients of Essential Hypertension

Syed Ahad Awais
Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore
Nabeel Ibad
Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore
Fatima Bukharie
Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore
Muhammad Bilal
Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore
Mirza Saad Ullah Baig
Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore
Sadaf Akbar
Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore

✉ Correspondence: Syed Ahad Awais Email: ahadawais08@gmail.com

DOI https://doi.org/10.70302/jpsim.v6i4.2567
Volume: 6, Issue 4 Pages: 364–367 Published: 21 Nov 2025
Received: 14 May 2025 Revised: 11 Jul 2025 Accepted: 25 Jul 2025 Published Online: 21 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objective

To determine the frequency of depression in patients with essential hypertension and psychosocial determinates of depression in patients with essential hypertension.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted at Psychiatry Department, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore from 13-11-2023 to 13-05-2024. A total of one hundred and fifty patients having essential hypertension and fulfilling selection criteria were recruited for the study. Patients were evaluated by using Patient Health Questionnaire-9. If the score was ≥10, depression was noted. All determinants including gender, age, education, employment, socioeconomic status, physical activity, smoking and family history of hypertension were also noted. Data was recorded in proforma and analyzed in SPSS version 25.

Results

The mean age of participants noted was 57.8± 12.23 years, including 46.0% male and 54.0% female. The mean PHQ-9 score was 8.75± 5.58. Out of 150, depression was found in 69 (46.0%) patients, and it was found to be significantly associated with female gender (p = 0.001), lower educational status (p = 0.001), and physical inactivity (p = 0.040). However, no significant association was observed with smoking (p = 0.050) or family history of hypertension (p = 0.240).

Conclusion

The prevalence of depression is high among hypertensive patients and it is found to be significantly associated with female gender, lower educational status, and physical inactivity. However, no significant association of depression was observed with smoking or a family history of hypertension.

Keywords
Essential Hypertension Depression Psychosocial Determinates Patient Health Questionnaire

How to Cite This Article

Awais SA, Ibad N, Bukharie F, Bilal M, Baig MSU, Akbar S. Frequency of Psychological and Social Influences of Depression in Patients of Essential Hypertension. J Pak Soc Intern Med. 2025;6(4):364–367. doi:10.70302/jpsim.v6i4.2567

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Conflict of Interest

All authors declare no competing interests.

Disclosed in accordance with ICMJE and COPE guidelines.

Funding

No specific funding was received for this research.

Funder information follows the Crossref Funder Registry standard.

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CC BY CC BY 4.0 This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. May be shared and adapted with attribution. © 2025 Journal of Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine.
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