Original Research

Frequency of Hypomagnesemia in Patients with Type 2 DiabetesMellitus

Farhana Saba
National Hospital and Medical Center, Lahore
Abdullah Najam
National Hospital and Medical Center, Lahore
Najam-un-Nasir Najam-un-Nasir
National Hospital and Medical Center, Lahore

✉ Correspondence: Farhana Saba Email: dr.farhanasaba@gmail.com

DOI https://doi.org/10.70302/jpsim.v5i1.2414
Volume: 5, Issue 1 (Women Issue) Pages: 422–426 Published: 28 Feb 2024
Received: 12 Oct 2023 Accepted: 06 Dec 2023 Published Online: 28 Feb 2024

Abstract

Objective

To determine the frequency of hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus in tertiary care hospital.

Methods

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at National hospital and medical center Lahore, Pakistan from January 2022 to December 2022. In this study a total of three hundred and fifty admitted and OPD patients with type 2 DM for at least one year irrespective of gender and in the age range of 18 to 75 years were included. Their serum magnesium level was recorded. Hypomagnesemia was labeled< 1.8 mg/dL.

Results

In this study 350 cases of DM were selected. Out of these 181 (51.71%) were males and 169 (48.29%) were females. The mean age of the subjects was 56.25±10.73 years and mean duration of DM was 7.20±5.35 years. HTN was seen in 99 (28.29%) of cases. Mean serum magnesium level was 1.83±0.29 mg/dl. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 103 (29.43%) of cases. Hypomagnesemia was seen in 51 (28.17%) males as compared to 52 (30.76%) females with p value of 0.63. Hypomagnesemia was seen in 55 (30.55%) cases with duration of DM up to 5 years as compared to 48 (28.23%) cases with duration more than this with p value= 0.64. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 28 (30.43%) cases with good glycemic control and 75(29.06%) cases with poor control with p= 0.79.

Conclusion

Hypomagnesemia is not uncommon and is seen in almost one third of the cases with DM and it has no significant association with any of the confounding variables examined within this study.

Keywords
: Type 2 DM HTN Hypomagnesemia

How to Cite This Article

Saba F, Najam A, Najam-un-Nasir N. Frequency of Hypomagnesemia in Patients with Type 2 DiabetesMellitus. J Pak Soc Intern Med. 2024;5(1):422–426. doi:10.70302/jpsim.v5i1.2414

⭳ Download PDF

Conflict of Interest

All authors declare no competing interests.

Disclosed in accordance with ICMJE and COPE guidelines.

Funding

No specific funding was received for this research.

Funder information follows the Crossref Funder Registry standard.

References

  1. International Diabetes Federation. The Global Burden [Internet]. 2006 [cited 15th August 2023];
  2. Available from: https://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/Diabetes%20and%20Impaired%20Glucose%20Tolerance_1.pdf
  3. Defronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Groop L,Henry RR, Herman WH, Holst JJ et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. NatRev Dis Prim. 2015;1(1):15019.
  4. Global report on diabetes. World Health Organization, Geneva [Internet]. 2016 [cited 15th August 2023];
  5. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf
  6. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 2006;3(11):e442
  7. Diabetes in Pakistan. International Diabetes Federation MENA [Internet]. 2015 [cited 15th August 2023];
  8. Available from http://www.idf.org/membership/mena/pakistan
  9. Fiorentini D, Cappadone C, Farruggia G, Prata C. Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 30;13(4):1136.
  10. Arpaci D, Tocoglu AG, Ergenc H, Korkmaz S, Ucar A, Tamer A. Associations of serum Magnesium levels with diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. Hippokratia. 2015;19(2):153-7.
  11. Chutia H, Lynrah KG. Association of serum magnesium deficiency with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Lab Physicians. 2015;7(2):75-8
  12. Corsonello A, Ientile R, Buemi M, Cucinotta D, Mauro VN, Macaione S, et al.; Serum ionized magnesium levels in type 2 diabetic patients with micro albuminuria or clinical proteinuria. Am J Nephrol. 2000;20(3):187-92
  13. Nadler JL, Malayan S, Luong H, Shaw S, Natarajan RD, Rude RK. Intracellular free magnesium deficiency plays a key role in increased platelet reactivity in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:835–841
  14. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(9):1414-31.
  15. Mohan V, Sandeep S, Deepa R, Shah B, Varghese C. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res. 2007;125(3):217-30.
  16. Gröber U., Schmidt J., Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199–226.
  17. Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M. Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5(Suppl 1):i3-i14.
  18. Seo JW, Park TJ. Magnesium metabolism. Electrolyte Blood Press. 2008;6(2):86-95.
  19. Pham PC, Pham PM, Pham SV, Miller JM, Pham PT. Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(2):366–73
  20. Chutia H, Lynrah KG. Association of serum magnesium deficiency with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Lab Physicians 2015;7(2):75-8
  21. Shaikh MK, Devrajani BR, Soomro AA, et al. Hypomagnesemia in Patients with Diabetes mellitus. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2011;12(10):1803–6.
  22. Dasgupta A, Sarma D, Saikia UK. Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian JEndocrinolMetabol. 2012;16(6):1000-3.
  23. Masood N, Baloch GH, Ghori RA, Memon IA, Memon MA, Memon MS. Serum zinc and magnesium in type-2 diabetic patients. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009;19(8):483-6.
  24. Fiorentini D, Cappadone C, Farruggia G, Prata C. Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1136.
  25. Paladiya R, Pitliya A, Choudhry AA, Kumar D, Ismail S, Abbas M et al. Association of Low Magnesium Level With Duration and Severity of Type 2 Diabetes. Cureus. 2021;13(5):e15279.
  26. Antin SS, Kashinkunti M, Kataria AV, Dhananjaya M, Alevoor S. A cross sectional study of fasting serum magnesium levels in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relation to diabetic complications. Sch J App Med Sci. 2014;2(2):502-6.
  27. Pillay S, Aldous C, Mahomed F. Improvement noted after a multifaceted approach to diabetes mellitus management. J Endocrinol Metabol Diabetes S Afr. 2016;21(1):8-12.
  28. Seyoum B, Siraj ES, Saenz C, Abdulkadir J. Hypomagnesemia in Ethiopians with diabetes mellitus. Ethnic Dis. 2008;18(1): 147-51
  29. Schimatschek HF, Rempis R. Prevalence of hypomagnesemia in an unselected German population of 16,000 individuals. Magnes Res. 2001;14(4):283-90.

Reference list indexed for Google Scholar and ResearchGate. DOI links resolve via doi.org.

CC BY CC BY 4.0 This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. May be shared and adapted with attribution. © 2024 Journal of Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine.
📃 In This Issue View All
Original Article Outcomes of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Acute Cholecystitis: A Retrospective Analysis Raza SH, Butt N, Qureshi AM Review Article Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Emerging Trends Hussain I, Farooq Z Original Article Serum Ferritin as a Prognostic Marker in COVID-19 Severity: A Hospital-Based Study Rehman N, Sheikh I, Javed K Original Article Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Post-Operative Wound Healing in General Surgery Siddiqui FA, Noor M, Akhtar W Original Article Neonatal Sepsis: Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram in a Tertiary Care Hospital Iqbal M, Rashid T
👥 More by These Authors
Original Article Prevalence of Hypertension Among Urban Adults in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study Khan TM, Ahmed S, Malik RA Original Article Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided versus Landmark-Based Central Venous Catheter Insertion Zafar S, Gillani SA Original Article Cervical Cancer Screening Awareness Among Rural Women in Punjab Bibi S, Anjum R, Hassan F Review Article Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy: Clinical Implications and Management Strategies Baig BI, Usman A
🔗 Related Articles By Keywords
Original Article Serum Ferritin as a Prognostic Marker in COVID-19 Severity: A Hospital-Based Study Rehman N, Sheikh I, Javed K Original Article Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Post-Operative Wound Healing in General Surgery Siddiqui FA, Noor M, Akhtar W Original Article Neonatal Sepsis: Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram in a Tertiary Care Hospital Iqbal M, Rashid T Review Article Statin Therapy in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review Nawaz F, Cheema HA, Mehmood Y