Biochemical and Anthropometric Evaluation of the Dietary and Nutritional Status in School Children Aged 5-15 Years: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional Study

Aziz Ur Rehman; Farid Ullah Shah; Mohammad Israr; Babar Shehzad; Feroz Khan; Nasreen Akhtar; Iqra Jalil; Wasim Ahmad

doi:10.70302/jpsim.v4i2.2328

Original Research

Biochemical and Anthropometric Evaluation of the Dietary and Nutritional Status in School Children Aged 5-15 Years: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional Study

Aziz Ur Rehman¹

Rahman Medical College Peshawar-KP

Farid Ullah Shah²

Pak International Medical College Peshawar-KP

Mohammad Israr³

Bacha Khan Medical College Peshawar-KP

Babar Shehzad¹

Rahman Medical College Peshawar-KP

Feroz Khan¹

Rahman Medical College Peshawar-KP

Nasreen Akhtar⁴

Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir

Iqra Jalil⁵

PAEC General Hospital Pharmacy, Islamabad

Wasim Ahmad⁶

SHS Peshawar-KP

✉ Correspondence: Wasim Ahmad Email: vazim4847@gmail.com

DOI https://doi.org/10.70302/jpsim.v4i2.2328

Volume: 4, Issue 2 Pages: 135–140 Published: 02 Jun 2023

Received: 03 Feb 2023 Accepted: 23 Mar 2023 Published Online: 02 Jun 2023

Abstract

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the biochemical and anthropometric evaluation of the dietary and nutritional status in school going children aged 5-15 years in district Peshawar-KPK.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was assessed from September 2021 to February 2022 in district Peshawar. The research team visited numerous government and private sector schools and enrolled a population of 810 children from 35 schools. For biochemical assessment and dietary intake, blood samples of 220 students was taken. We collected the anthropometric data at selected schools. Weight of the study participants was calculated using a digital weighing machine (SR1501). Height was measured using a calibrated height measuring tape. We measured the waist circumference of the study participants with the help of a Lufkin-like metallic tape using cross-handed procedure. The upper edge of the iliac crest was used for measurement purpose.

Results

The anthropometry results of our study revealed that 1.8% (n=14) children had possessed low weight. Excessive weight in 48.4% (n=392) with a severe obesity in 4.40% (n=17) children, obesity in 18.0% (n=70) and overweight in 26% (n=102) children. The proportion varied by the nutritional status was 76.9% among obese children, 100% among severely obese children, and 13.4% among overweight children.

Conclusion

Our study concluded the incidence of superfluous higher weight in comparison to those previously measured. Boys were stood victims for obesity risk whereas; morning breakfast seemed as a protecting feature in contradiction of obesity and overweight.”

Keywords

Obesity Overweight Child Nutrition Nutritional Status Adolescent Nutrition

How to Cite This Article

Rehman AU, Shah FU, Israr M, Shehzad B, Khan F, Akhtar N, et al.. Biochemical and Anthropometric Evaluation of the Dietary and Nutritional Status in School Children Aged 5-15 Years: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional Study. J Pak Soc Intern Med. 2023;4(2):135–140. doi:10.70302/jpsim.v4i2.2328

⭳ Download PDF

Download Citation: ⭳ RIS (Endnote / Zotero / Mendeley) ⭳ BibTeX (.bib)

Conflict of Interest

All authors declare no competing interests.

Disclosed in accordance with ICMJE and COPE guidelines.

Funding

No specific funding was received for this research.

Funder information follows the Crossref Funder Registry standard.

References

Sánchez Echenique M. Epidemiological aspects of childhood obesity. Prim Care Pediat. 2012;14(1):9-14.
Norum KR. World Health Organization’s Global Strategy on diet, physical activity and health: the process behind the scenes. Scand J Nut. 2005;49(2):83-8.
Ballesteros Arribas JM, Dal-Re Saavedra M, Pérez-Farinós N, Villar Villalba C. The strategy for nutrition, physical activity and obesity prevention: NAOS strategy. Spanish J Public Health. 2007;81(5):443-9.
Bartrina JA, Rodrigo CP, Barba LR, Majem LS. Epidemiology and determinants of childhood and juvenile obesity in Spain. J Prim Care Pediat. 2005;7(Supplement 1):13-20.
Grandy G, Weisstaub G, López de Romaña D. Iron and zinc deficiency in children. J Bolivian Soc Pediat. 2010;49(1):25-31.
Calvo EB, Aguirre P. Food security crisis in Argentina and nutritional status in a vulnerable population. Argentine Arch Pediat. 2005;103(1):77-90.
Rivera JA, Barquera S, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Olaiz G, Sepulveda J. Nutrition transition in Mexico and in other Latin American countries. Nut Rev. 2004;62(suppl_2):S149-57.
Ministerio de Salud. Encuesta nacional de nutrición y salud: Documento de resultados 2007.
Ferrante D, Linetzky B, Ponce M, Goldberg L, Konfino J, Laspiur S. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, physical activity and smoking in Argentine adolescents: Global Surveys of School Health and Youth Tobacco, 2007-2012. Argentine Arch Pediat. 2014;112(6):500-4.
Kovalskys I, Indart Rougier P, Amigo MP, De Gregorio MJ, Rausch Herscovici C, Karner M. Food intake and anthropometric evaluation in school-aged children of Buenos Aires. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2013;111(1):9-14.
Marcos MD, Ceruelo EE, Velasco FM. Obesity. J Prim Care Pediat. 2009;11(16):239-57.
Hussain M, Hossain AM, Bhuyan AH. Nutritional Status of Resident Female Orphans of Selected Orphanages of Dhaka City. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2010;5(2):66-70.
Cuesta LL, Rearte A, Rodríguez S, Salinas R, Sosaa C, Rasse S. Anthropometric and biochemical assessment of nutritional status and dietary intake in school children aged 6-14 years, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2018;116(1):e34-46.
De Pediatría SA, Subcommittees C. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of obesity. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2011;109(3):256-66.
Torregrosa MD, by Victoria Muñoz EM, Almendros MM. Methods for the evaluation of food intake. In Tratado de Nutrición. Editorial Médica Panamericana. 2010;pp. 585-612.
López L, Longo E, Carballido M, Di Carlo P. Validación del uso de modelos fotográficos para cuantificar el tamaño de las porciones de alimentos. Revista Chilena de Nutrición. 2006;33(3):480-7.
López L, Longo E, Carballido M, Di Carlo P. Validation of the use of photographic models to quantify food portion sizes. Chilean J Nutr. 2006;33(3):480-7.
Sánchez LS, Rodríguez DS, Galarza AV, González-Correa CH. Nutritional status among hospitalized children with mixed diagnoses at a referral teaching hospital in Manizales, Colombia. Nutr Hospital. 2012;27(5):1451-9.
Torresani ME, Maffei L, Squillace C, Alorda B, Rossi L, Oliva ML, Belen L. Resúmenes del XX Encuentro Anual de Nutricionistas: Marcadores de riesgo cardiometabólico tempranos en mujeres adultas con insulinorresistencia. Estudio de casos y controles. Diaeta. 2013 Dec;31(145):42-52.
Stage L, Vit A, Vit C, Vit D, Vit E. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Estimated Average Requirements.
Peraza Cappai M. Nutritional analysis of the basic food basket of INDEC (2016) for an equivalent adult according to the nutritional recommendations of the FAO / WHO (2003) and the guidelines of the Dietary Guidelines for the Argentine Population (2015-2016) in the year 2018 (Doctoral dissertation, University of Concepción del Uruguay--SC).
Ferrante D, Linetzky B, Ponce M, Goldberg L, Konfino J, Laspiur S. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, physical activity and smoking in Argentine adolescents: Global Surveys of School Health and Youth Tobacco, 2007-2012. Argentine Arch Pediatr. 2014;112(6):500-4.
Berta E, Fugas V, Walz F, Martinelli M. Nutritional condition of school-age children and its relationship with habit and quality of breakfast. Rev Chil Nutr. 2015;42(1):45-52.
Sánchez PH, Alonso JD, Sevillano PL, González MD, Valle MI, López GM, Iglesias IS, Majem LS. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in Canarian adolescents. Relationship with breakfast and physical activity. Clin Med. 2008;130(16):606-10.
Nicklas TA, Reger C, Myers L, O’Neil C. Breakfast consumption with and without vitamin-mineral supplement use favorably impacts daily nutrient intake of ninth-grade students. J Adol Health. 2000;27(5):314-21.
Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Mosca CL, Klem ML, Wing RR, Hill JO. Long‐term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity Res. 2002;10(2):78-82.
Szajewska H, Ruszczyński M. Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010;50(2):113-9.

Reference list indexed for Google Scholar and ResearchGate. DOI links resolve via doi.org.

CC BY 4.0 This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. May be shared and adapted with attribution. © 2023 Journal of Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine.

📃 In This Issue View All

Original Article Serum Ferritin as a Prognostic Marker in COVID-19 Severity: A Hospital-Based Study Rehman N, Sheikh I, Javed K Review Article Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Emerging Trends Hussain I, Farooq Z Original Article Prevalence of Hypertension Among Urban Adults in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study Khan TM, Ahmed S, Malik RA Original Article Cervical Cancer Screening Awareness Among Rural Women in Punjab Bibi S, Anjum R, Hassan F Original Article Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Post-Operative Wound Healing in General Surgery Siddiqui FA, Noor M, Akhtar W

👥 More by These Authors

Original Article Outcomes of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Acute Cholecystitis: A Retrospective Analysis Raza SH, Butt N, Qureshi AM Original Article Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided versus Landmark-Based Central Venous Catheter Insertion Zafar S, Gillani SA Review Article Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy: Clinical Implications and Management Strategies Baig BI, Usman A Original Article Neonatal Sepsis: Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram in a Tertiary Care Hospital Iqbal M, Rashid T

🔗 Related Articles By Keywords

Original Article Prevalence of Hypertension Among Urban Adults in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study Khan TM, Ahmed S, Malik RA Original Article Cervical Cancer Screening Awareness Among Rural Women in Punjab Bibi S, Anjum R, Hassan F Original Article Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Post-Operative Wound Healing in General Surgery Siddiqui FA, Noor M, Akhtar W Review Article Statin Therapy in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review Nawaz F, Cheema HA, Mehmood Y

[1] Sánchez Echenique M. Epidemiological aspects of childhood obesity. Prim Care Pediat. 2012;14(1):9-14.

[2] Norum KR. World Health Organization’s Global Strategy on diet, physical activity and health: the process behind the scenes. Scand J Nut. 2005;49(2):83-8.

[3] Ballesteros Arribas JM, Dal-Re Saavedra M, Pérez-Farinós N, Villar Villalba C. The strategy for nutrition, physical activity and obesity prevention: NAOS strategy. Spanish J Public Health. 2007;81(5):443-9.

[4] Bartrina JA, Rodrigo CP, Barba LR, Majem LS. Epidemiology and determinants of childhood and juvenile obesity in Spain. J Prim Care Pediat. 2005;7(Supplement 1):13-20.

[5] Grandy G, Weisstaub G, López de Romaña D. Iron and zinc deficiency in children. J Bolivian Soc Pediat. 2010;49(1):25-31.

[6] Calvo EB, Aguirre P. Food security crisis in Argentina and nutritional status in a vulnerable population. Argentine Arch Pediat. 2005;103(1):77-90.

[7] Rivera JA, Barquera S, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Olaiz G, Sepulveda J. Nutrition transition in Mexico and in other Latin American countries. Nut Rev. 2004;62(suppl_2):S149-57.

[8] Ministerio de Salud. Encuesta nacional de nutrición y salud: Documento de resultados 2007.

[9] Ferrante D, Linetzky B, Ponce M, Goldberg L, Konfino J, Laspiur S. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, physical activity and smoking in Argentine adolescents: Global Surveys of School Health and Youth Tobacco, 2007-2012. Argentine Arch Pediat. 2014;112(6):500-4.

[10] Kovalskys I, Indart Rougier P, Amigo MP, De Gregorio MJ, Rausch Herscovici C, Karner M. Food intake and anthropometric evaluation in school-aged children of Buenos Aires. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2013;111(1):9-14.

[11] Marcos MD, Ceruelo EE, Velasco FM. Obesity. J Prim Care Pediat. 2009;11(16):239-57.

[12] Hussain M, Hossain AM, Bhuyan AH. Nutritional Status of Resident Female Orphans of Selected Orphanages of Dhaka City. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2010;5(2):66-70.

[13] Cuesta LL, Rearte A, Rodríguez S, Salinas R, Sosaa C, Rasse S. Anthropometric and biochemical assessment of nutritional status and dietary intake in school children aged 6-14 years, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2018;116(1):e34-46.

[14] De Pediatría SA, Subcommittees C. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of obesity. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2011;109(3):256-66.

[15] Torregrosa MD, by Victoria Muñoz EM, Almendros MM. Methods for the evaluation of food intake. In Tratado de Nutrición. Editorial Médica Panamericana. 2010;pp. 585-612.

[16] López L, Longo E, Carballido M, Di Carlo P. Validación del uso de modelos fotográficos para cuantificar el tamaño de las porciones de alimentos. Revista Chilena de Nutrición. 2006;33(3):480-7.

[17] López L, Longo E, Carballido M, Di Carlo P. Validation of the use of photographic models to quantify food portion sizes. Chilean J Nutr. 2006;33(3):480-7.

[18] Sánchez LS, Rodríguez DS, Galarza AV, González-Correa CH. Nutritional status among hospitalized children with mixed diagnoses at a referral teaching hospital in Manizales, Colombia. Nutr Hospital. 2012;27(5):1451-9.

[19] Torresani ME, Maffei L, Squillace C, Alorda B, Rossi L, Oliva ML, Belen L. Resúmenes del XX Encuentro Anual de Nutricionistas: Marcadores de riesgo cardiometabólico tempranos en mujeres adultas con insulinorresistencia. Estudio de casos y controles. Diaeta. 2013 Dec;31(145):42-52.

[20] Stage L, Vit A, Vit C, Vit D, Vit E. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Estimated Average Requirements.

[21] Peraza Cappai M. Nutritional analysis of the basic food basket of INDEC (2016) for an equivalent adult according to the nutritional recommendations of the FAO / WHO (2003) and the guidelines of the Dietary Guidelines for the Argentine Population (2015-2016) in the year 2018 (Doctoral dissertation, University of Concepción del Uruguay--SC).

[22] Ferrante D, Linetzky B, Ponce M, Goldberg L, Konfino J, Laspiur S. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, physical activity and smoking in Argentine adolescents: Global Surveys of School Health and Youth Tobacco, 2007-2012. Argentine Arch Pediatr. 2014;112(6):500-4.

[23] Berta E, Fugas V, Walz F, Martinelli M. Nutritional condition of school-age children and its relationship with habit and quality of breakfast. Rev Chil Nutr. 2015;42(1):45-52.

[24] Sánchez PH, Alonso JD, Sevillano PL, González MD, Valle MI, López GM, Iglesias IS, Majem LS. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in Canarian adolescents. Relationship with breakfast and physical activity. Clin Med. 2008;130(16):606-10.

[25] Nicklas TA, Reger C, Myers L, O’Neil C. Breakfast consumption with and without vitamin-mineral supplement use favorably impacts daily nutrient intake of ninth-grade students. J Adol Health. 2000;27(5):314-21.

[26] Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Mosca CL, Klem ML, Wing RR, Hill JO. Long‐term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity Res. 2002;10(2):78-82.

[27] Szajewska H, Ruszczyński M. Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010;50(2):113-9.